MediaWiki API result
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{
"compare": {
"fromid": 1,
"fromrevid": 1,
"fromns": 0,
"fromtitle": "Fors\u00ed\u00f0a",
"toid": 2,
"torevid": 2,
"tons": 0,
"totitle": "Frumeind",
"*": "<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-lineno\" id=\"mw-diff-left-l1\">L\u00edna 1:</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-lineno\">L\u00edna 1:</td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>'''<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Uppsetning \u00e1 MediaWiki heppna\u00f0ist.</del>'''</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Mynd:Atomic_resolution_Au100.JPG|thumb|right|Mynd \u00feessi var tekin me\u00f0 [[smugsj\u00e1]] og s\u00fdnir gullfrumeindir \u00e1 (100) yfirbor\u00f0i gullm\u00e1lms. Hringlaga punktarnir eru hver ein gullfrumeind.]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">''</ins>'<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Frumeind</ins>''<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">' e\u00f0a '''at\u00f3m</ins>''' <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">er sm\u00e6sta a\u00f0greinanlega eining [[frumefni]]s, sem jafnframt hefur efnafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega eiginleika \u00feess til a\u00f0 bera. Frumeind er \u00feannig grundvallareining efna og helst \u00f3breytt \u00ed [[efnahvarf|efnahv\u00f6rfum]]. Hver frumeind er \u00far \u00feremur ger\u00f0um einda: [[Frumeindakjarni]] er ger\u00f0ur \u00far [[nifteind]]um sem ekki hafa [[rafhle\u00f0sla|rafhle\u00f0slu]] og [[r\u00f3teind]]um sem eru j\u00e1kv\u00e6tt hla\u00f0nar. Umhverfis kjarnann eru [[rafeind]]ir sem eru me\u00f0 neikv\u00e6\u00f0a hle\u00f0slu. Frumefnin eru skilgreind \u00fat fr\u00e1 fj\u00f6lda r\u00f3teinda \u00ed kjarnanum. Allar frumeindir sem hafa 11 r\u00f3teindir \u00ed kjarna, sem d\u00e6mi, eru \u00feannig [[natr\u00edn]]frumeindir, og allar frumeindir sem eru me\u00f0 29 r\u00f3teindir eru [[kopar]]frumeindir. Frumeindir me\u00f0 sama fj\u00f6lda r\u00f3teinda en mismunandi fj\u00f6lda nifteinda eru kalla\u00f0ar [[sams\u00e6ta|sams\u00e6tur]] (\u00eds\u00f3t\u00f3par) sama frumefnis.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">R\u00e1\u00f0f\u00e6r\u00f0u \u00feig vi\u00f0 </del>[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https://www</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents Notandahandb\u00f3kina</del>] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">fyrir frekari uppl\u00fdsingar um notkun wiki-hugb\u00fana\u00f0arins</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Frumeindir eru a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i um 100 </ins>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[p\u00edk\u00f3metri|p\u00edk\u00f3metrar]] \u00ed \u00feverm\u00e1l</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eitt mannsh\u00e1r er jafnbreitt og um millj\u00f3n kolefnisfrumeindir. Frumeindir eru sm\u00e6rri en minnsta bylgjulengd s\u00fdnilegs lj\u00f3ss, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 menn geta ekki greint frumeindir \u00ed hef\u00f0bundnum [[sm\u00e1sj\u00e1]]m</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u00de\u00e6r eru svo sm\u00e1ar a\u00f0 [[s\u00edgild e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i]] n\u00e6gir ekki til a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra heg\u00f0un \u00feeirra vegna [[skammtafr\u00e6\u00f0i|skammtahrifa]</ins>].</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Fyrir byrjendur ==</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Yfir 99,94% af [[massi|massa]] frumeindar er \u00ed kjarnanum. R\u00f3teindir eru j\u00e1kv\u00e6tt hla\u00f0nar og nifteindir \u00f3hla\u00f0nar svo kjarninn sj\u00e1lfur er j\u00e1kv\u00e6tt hla\u00f0inn. Rafeindirnar eru neikv\u00e6tt hla\u00f0nar og \u00feessi gagnst\u00e6\u00f0a hle\u00f0sla bindur \u00fe\u00e6r vi\u00f0 kjarnann. Ef fj\u00f6ldi r\u00f3teinda og rafeinda er jafn mikill, eins og oftast er, er frumeindin sj\u00e1lf hlutlaust hla\u00f0in. Ef rafeindirnar eru fleiri en r\u00f3teindirnar f\u00e6r frumeindin neikv\u00e6\u00f0a hle\u00f0slu og nefnist neikv\u00e6tt hla\u00f0in [[j\u00f3n (efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i)|j\u00f3n]] (anj\u00f3n e\u00f0a forj\u00f3n). Ef r\u00f3teindirnar eru hins vegar fleiri f\u00e6r frumeindin j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a hle\u00f0slu og nefnist j\u00e1kv\u00e6tt hla\u00f0in j\u00f3n (katj\u00f3n e\u00f0a bakj\u00f3n).</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https</del>:/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">/www</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org/wiki/Special</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MyLanguage</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Manual:Configuration_settings Listi yfir uppsetningarstillingar</del>]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[Rafsegulkraftur]] dregur rafeindirnar a\u00f0 kjarnanum, me\u00f0an r\u00f3teindir og nifteindir bindast me\u00f0 [[kjarnakraftur|kjarnakrafti]]. Kjarnakrafturinn er oftast sterkari en rafsegulkrafturinn sem hrindir j\u00e1kv\u00e6tt hl\u00f6\u00f0nu r\u00f3teindunum fr\u00e1 hver annarri. Undir vissum kringumst\u00e6\u00f0um ver\u00f0ur rafsegulkrafturinn kjarnakraftinum yfirsterkari og [[kjarnaklofnun|kjarninn klofnar]]. Vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 ver\u00f0a til tv\u00f6 n\u00fd frumefni. Regluleg [[kjarnasundrun]] einkennir [[geislavirkni|geislavirk]] efni.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>* [<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https:</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">/www</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Special</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki Algengar spurningar MediaWiki</del>]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https:</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">/lists</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wikimedia</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org/postorius/lists/mediawiki-announce</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lists</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wikimedia</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org/ P\u00f3stlisti MediaWiki-\u00fatg\u00e1fa]</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Frumeindir geta bundist \u00f6\u00f0rum frumeindum me\u00f0 [[efnatengi|efnatengjum]] og mynda\u00f0 [[sameind]]ir og [[kristall]]a. Sameindir \u00f3l\u00edkra frumefna nefnast [[efnasamband|efnasamb\u00f6nd]]. [[Efnahvarf|Efnahv\u00f6rf]], \u00fear sem frumeindir losna og bindast me\u00f0 \u00fdmsum h\u00e6tti, eru \u00e1 bak vi\u00f0 flestar umbreytingar sem ver\u00f0a \u00ed efnisheiminum. [[Efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i]] er fr\u00e6\u00f0igrein sem f\u00e6st vi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 \u00feessum breytingum.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* </del>[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https</del>://<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">www</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam L\u00e6ra </del>hvernig \u00e1 <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a\u00f0 berjast vi\u00f0 amap\u00f3st </del>\u00e1 <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u00fe\u00ednum wiki</del>]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Eiginleikar ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eiginleikar frumeinda eru a\u00f0allega \u00e1kvar\u00f0a\u00f0ir \u00fat fr\u00e1 kjarna og rafeindask\u00fdi \u00feeirra, \u00fear m\u00e1 nefna massa, hle\u00f0slu, kjarnakraft, geislun, seguleiginleika og \u00e1stand \u00feeirra.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Frumeind m\u00e1 einnig skipta \u00ed tvo hluta</ins>: <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[frumeindakjarni|kjarna]] og [[rafeindasvigr\u00fam]]. Rafeindasvigr\u00fami\u00f0 h\u00fdsir allar rafeindir frumeindarinnar og mynda rafeindirnar sk\u00fd um kjarnann. Kjarninn er \u00far r\u00f3teindum og nifteindum. Frumeind er s\u00f6g\u00f0 vera \u00f3hla\u00f0in ef fj\u00f6ldi r\u00f3teinda og rafeinda er jafn. Annars kallast h\u00fan [[j\u00f3n (efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i)|j\u00f3n]], og hefur j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a rafhle\u00f0slu ef r\u00f3teindir eru fleiri en rafeindirnar, annars neikv\u00e6\u00f0a hle\u00f0slu. \u00de\u00f3tt \u00f3m\u00f6gulegt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 [[\u00d3vissul\u00f6gm\u00e1l Heisenbergs|\u00e1kvar\u00f0a samt\u00edmis b\u00e6\u00f0i hra\u00f0a og sta\u00f0setningu einstakra rafeinda me\u00f0 n\u00e1kv\u00e6mni]], m\u00e1 skipta rafeindask\u00fdinu upp \u00ed hvolf eftir orkustigi rafeindanna. Hvolfin samsvara \u00fe\u00e1 fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0 fr\u00e1 kjarnanum, \u00fear sem h\u00e6rra orkustig merkir meiri fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0 fr\u00e1 kjarnanum. Rafeindirnar leitast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 fylla orkul\u00e6gri hvolfin, en hvert hvolf getur a\u00f0eins r\u00fama\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0inn fj\u00f6lda skv. reglunni 2n<sup>2<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup> \u00fear sem n er ra\u00f0tala hvolfsins tali\u00f0 fr\u00e1 kjarna. Rafeindir sem sitja yst \u00ed tiltekinni frumeind nefnast [[gildisrafeindir]] og hafa mest \u00e1hrif \u00e1 [[efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i]]lega heg\u00f0un hennar. \u00de\u00e6r gegna lykilhlutverki \u00ed a\u00f0 binda frumeindir saman og mynda \u00feannig [[sameind]]ir. Efnishlutur sem eing\u00f6ngu er \u00far einni tegund frumeinda kallast [[frumefni]]. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[S\u00e6tistala]] frumefna r\u00e6\u00f0st af fj\u00f6lda r\u00f3teinda</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Frumeindir sem hafa s\u00f6mu s\u00e6tist\u00f6lu geta haft \u00f3l\u00edkan fj\u00f6lda nifteinda, \u00feessar eindir eru kalla\u00f0ar sams\u00e6tur</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">D\u00e6mi um \u00fe\u00e6r eru til d\u00e6mis</ins>:</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* <sup>1<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup>[[Vetni|H]</ins>] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">og <sup>2</sup>H, hafa s\u00e6tist\u00f6luna 1</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>* <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><sup>12</sup></ins>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[Kolefni|C]] og <sup>13<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup>C, hafa s\u00e6tist\u00f6luna 6</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Kjarni ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hvert at\u00f3m hefur kjarna sem er \u00far [[kjarneind]]unum [[r\u00f3teind]] og [[nifteind]]. \u00deessum eindum heldur [[sterki kjarnakraftur|sterki kjarnakrafturinn]] saman. Rad\u00edus kjarnans er u.\u00fe.b</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><math>\\begin{smallmatrix}1</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">07 \\cdot \\sqrt[3]{A}\\end{smallmatrix}<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">math>&nbsp;&nbsp;[[femt\u00f3metri|fm]], \u00fear sem A er fj\u00f6ldi kjarneinda \u00ed kjarnanum. \u00deessi st\u00e6r\u00f0 er mun minni en heildarrad\u00edus at\u00f3msins sem er \u00e1 st\u00e6r\u00f0argr\u00e1\u00f0unni 10<sup>5<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup> fm. Kjarninn er \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0eins brotabrot af heildarst\u00e6r\u00f0 at\u00f3msins, en n\u00e6stum allur massi \u00feess bundinn \u00ed honum. Massi rafeindanna er mun minni er massi kjarnans og yfirleitt ekki tekinn me\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fatreikningum sem var\u00f0a at\u00f3mi\u00f0 \u00ed heild.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kjarneindirnar eru [[ferm\u00edeind]]ir og \u00fev\u00ed gildir [[einsetul\u00f6gm\u00e1l Paulis]] um \u00fe\u00e6r. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 hver r\u00f3teind er me\u00f0 sitt eigi\u00f0 [[skammta\u00e1stand]] og deilir \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1standi ekki me\u00f0 annarri r\u00f3teind. Sama gildir um nifteindirnar en \u00fear sem \u00feessar tv\u00e6r kjarneindir hafa mismunandi hle\u00f0slu \u00fe\u00e1 gildir einsetul\u00f6gm\u00e1li\u00f0 ekki \u00e1 milli \u00feeirra.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fj\u00f6ldi r\u00f3teinda \u00e1kvar\u00f0ar [[s\u00e6tistala|s\u00e6tist\u00f6lu]] at\u00f3msins og \u00fear me\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0u at\u00f3msins innan [[lotukerfi]]sins. Hvert at\u00f3m getur haft mismunandi [[sams\u00e6ta|sams\u00e6tur]] \u00fear sem fj\u00f6ldi nifteinda getur veri\u00f0 mismunandi en fj\u00f6ldi kjarneinda \u00e1kve\u00f0a [[kjarnager\u00f0]]ina.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Rafeindasvigr\u00fam ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Mynd</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">AOs-1s-2pz.png|right|250px|thumb|Fyrstu fimm rafeindasvigr\u00famin.]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Umhverfis kjarnann eru rafeindir. \u00deessar rafeindir skiptast ni\u00f0ur \u00ed svok\u00f6llu\u00f0 rafeindasvigr\u00fam og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 fyrstu fimm svigr\u00famin \u00e1 mynd h\u00e9r til hli\u00f0ar. Rafeindasvigr\u00famin hafa \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 r\u00famm\u00e1l, sem eru h\u00e1\u00f0 [[skammtafr\u00e6\u00f0i]]legum eiginleikum rafeindanna og er \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0 finna innan \u00feessa r\u00famm\u00e1ls, en n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega hvar innan \u00feess er \u00f3m\u00f6gulegt a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a me\u00f0 tilraunum e\u00f0a \u00fatreikningum (sj\u00e1 [[\u00f3vissul\u00f6gm\u00e1l Heisenbergs]</ins>]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">). A\u00f0eins er h\u00e6gt,\u00a0 me\u00f0 skammtafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum \u00fatreikningum, a\u00f0 reikna l\u00edkindi \u00e1 sta\u00f0setningu og hra\u00f0avigur rafeindarinnar. Rafeindasvigr\u00famin eru kyrrst\u00e6\u00f0 m.t.t. kjarna frumeindarinnar.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Saga ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Grikkland|Gr\u00edskir]] heimspekingar komu fyrstir fram me\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 kenningu a\u00f0 allt efni v\u00e6ri gert \u00far \u00f3deilanlegum eindum og nefndu \u00feeir \u00feessar eindir ''atomos.'' \u00dea\u00f0 or\u00f0 er sett saman \u00far ''a'', sem er neitandi [[forskeyti]] og ''tomos'', skur\u00f0ur, sem sagt eitthva\u00f0 sem ekki er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 skera e\u00f0a deila og l\u00fdsti \u00feetta hugmynd \u00feeirra um e\u00f0li \u00feessara einda (atomos=\u00f3deili). [</ins>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Dem\u00f3kr\u00edtos]] fr\u00e1 Abderu er s\u00e9rstaklega bendla\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 \u00feessa kenningu. H\u00e9r ber a\u00f0 undirstrika a\u00f0 \u00feessar fyrstu hugmyndir um \u00f3deilanlegar frumeindir eru \u00ed mikilsver\u00f0u tilliti fr\u00e1brug\u00f0nar hugmyndum n\u00fat\u00edmamanna. Gr\u00edsku frumeindasinnarnir hugsu\u00f0u s\u00e9r a\u00f0 frumeindirnar v\u00e6ru \u00ed raun allar \u00far sama efninu en a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r skiptust \u00ed \u00f3endanlegan fj\u00f6lda tilbrig\u00f0a eftir st\u00e6r\u00f0 og l\u00f6gun, \u00fear sem eindir af hverju tilbrig\u00f0i</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">tegund \u00e1ttu a\u00f0 vera eil\u00edfar og \u00f3breytanlegar. St\u00e6r\u00f0 (\u00fe\u00f3 alltaf \u00f6rl\u00edtil) og l\u00f6gun eindanna \u00e1tti a\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0a efnafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega eiginleika \u00feeirra. \u00deetta \u00e1ttu a\u00f0 vera grunneiningar alls hversdagslegs efnis, sem yfirleitt er hr\u00e6rigrautur einda af mismunandi ger\u00f0um. \u00de\u00f3 fyrirfinnast efnishlutir sem eing\u00f6ngu eru \u00far eindum af tiltekinni ger\u00f0. \u00deetta \u00e1tti t.d. a\u00f0 gilda um vatn, loft og eld. \u00deannig var h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 tala um frumefni, \u00fe.e.a</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">s efni sem a\u00f0eins v\u00e6ri \u00far eindum af tiltekinni ger\u00f0</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">En \u00fea\u00f0 er m</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">a</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u00feetta atri\u00f0i sem tengir \u00feessi fornaldarfr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 n\u00fat\u00edmahugmyndir um frumeindir</ins>. \u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u00a0 \u00a0 </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[</ins>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Mynd</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Bohr Model.svg|right|thumb|200px|[[Bohr l\u00edkani\u00f0]] af at\u00f3minu \u00fear sem rafeindirnar fer\u00f0ast innan \u00e1kve\u00f0inna hvela og orka f\u00e6rir rafeindir \u00e1 milli hvelanna]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Spurningin um tilvist frumeinda</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u00f3deila var mj\u00f6g umdeild allt fr\u00e1 forn\u00f6ld og fram \u00e1 seinni hluta 19. aldar. Spurningin var alltaf n\u00e1tengd [[efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i]] og snerist um \u00fea\u00f0 hvort frumefni v\u00e6ru til og \u00fe\u00e1 hvort tilteki\u00f0 frumefni v\u00e6ri \u00far \u00f3deilanlegum frumeindum. Sm\u00e1m saman t\u00f3kst \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 renna sto\u00f0um undir kenninguna um tilvist frumefna, t.d. me\u00f0 uppg\u00f6tvun [[fosf\u00f3r]]s \u00e1 [[17. \u00f6ldin|17. \u00f6ld]] og s\u00ed\u00f0ar [[s\u00farefni]]s \u00e1 [[18. \u00f6ldin|18. \u00f6ld]]. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1808 setti [[John Dalton]] s\u00ed\u00f0an fram \u00fe\u00e1 kenningu a\u00f0 frumefni v\u00e6ru samsett af einni ger\u00f0 frumeinda, sem l\u00edkt og frumeindir Demokr\u00edtosar v\u00e6ru \u00f3breytanlegar \u00ed l\u00f6gun og byggingu. \u00d6nnur efnasamb\u00f6nd m\u00e6tti s\u00ed\u00f0an f\u00e1 fram me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 blanda \u00f3l\u00edkum frumefnum saman. Um mi\u00f0ja [[19. \u00f6ldin|19. \u00f6ld]] vann [[R\u00fassland|r\u00fassneski]] efnafr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn [[Dmitri Mendelejev|Mendelejev]] a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00faa til t\u00f6flu e\u00f0a kerfi frumefna sem bygg\u00f0ist \u00e1 uppl\u00fdsingum um at\u00f3mmassa frumefna, en \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma h\u00f6f\u00f0u menn ekki hugmynd um innri ger\u00f0 at\u00f3ma. \u00deetta kerfi kallast [[lotukerfi]]. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Af \u00feessu m\u00e1 lj\u00f3st vera a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 var helsta skilgreiningaratri\u00f0i frumeinda</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">at\u00f3ma a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r v\u00e6ru \u00f3klj\u00fafanlegar, sbr. nafni\u00f0 ''atomos''. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed d\u00e1l\u00edti\u00f0 kaldh\u00e6\u00f0nislegt a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r tilraunir og uppg\u00f6tvanir sem loks leiddu til \u00feess a\u00f0 frumeindakenningin var tekin \u00ed s\u00e1tt, s\u00fdndu beinl\u00ednis a\u00f0 frumeindirnar voru klj\u00fafanlegar. Me\u00f0 uppg\u00f6tvun [[rafeind]]arinnar undir lok [[19. \u00f6ldin|19. aldar]] f\u00f3ru menn a\u00f0 velta \u00fev\u00ed fyrir s\u00e9r hvort fleiri eindir v\u00e6ru \u00ed at\u00f3minu og voru \u00fea\u00f0 einna helst uppg\u00f6tvanir [[J</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">J. Thomson]], [[Henri Becquerel]] og [[Ernest Rutherford]] sem ruddu brautina \u00ed \u00feeim efnum</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u00c1ri\u00f0 [[1896]] uppg\u00f6tva\u00f0i Becquerel [[geislavirkni]] og [[1897|\u00e1ri s\u00ed\u00f0ar]] uppg\u00f6tva\u00f0i Thomson rafeindina. Rutherford tilkynnti svo um uppg\u00f6tvun kjarnans \u00e1ri\u00f0 [[1911]]. Allan \u00feennan gerjunart\u00edma veltu menn \u00fev\u00ed fyrir s\u00e9r hvernig frumeindir v\u00e6ru uppbygg\u00f0ar og </ins>hvernig <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u00fe\u00e6r vi\u00f0h\u00e9ldu st\u00f6\u00f0ugleika. Loks t\u00f3kst [[Niels Bohr]], \u00e1ri\u00f0 [[1913]], a\u00f0 setja fram l\u00edkan af vetnisfrumeindinni, sem skapa\u00f0i grundv\u00f6ll fyrir \u00e1framhaldandi starf og skilning </ins>\u00e1 <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">byggingu frumeinda. Ekki n\u00e1\u00f0ust myndir af at\u00f3mum fyrr en me\u00f0 tilkomu [[rafeindasm\u00e1sj\u00e1]]rinnar </ins>\u00e1 <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[20. \u00f6ldin|20. \u00f6ld]]. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Heimild ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* {{wpheimild|tungum\u00e1l=en|titill=Atom|m\u00e1nu\u00f0ursko\u00f0a\u00f0=desember|\u00e1rsko\u00f0a\u00f0=2008}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Flokkur:E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Flokkur:Efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Flokkur:At\u00f3mfr\u00e6\u00f0i]</ins>]</div></td></tr>\n"
}
}